Osteosarcoma treatment: state of the art
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with targeted therapies improves survival and limb salvage in osteosarcoma.
Osteosarcoma (OS), the most frequent primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents, is characterized by substantial inter‑ and intra‑tumoral heterogeneity and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), constraining the efficacy of both standard chemotherapy and emerging immunotherapies. Recent advances in single‑cell and single‑nucleus RNA sequencing (scRNA‑seq and snRNA‑seq) have enabled high‑resolution profiling of OS tumors, revealing diverse malignant, immune, and stromal cell populations. These studies have identified proliferative, inflammatory, and angiogenic tumor states, immunosuppressive myeloid subsets, exhausted T cells, and complex cell–cell communication networks that contribute to tumor progression and immune evasion.
Osteosarcoma treatment remains challenging due to frequent metastasis and limited efficacy of conventional therapies; reviewing advances provides insight into improving survival.
Evidence level: Állatkísérletes. Állatmodellben vizsgálták.
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