Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: current state, challenges, and future perspectives
Immunotherapy provides limited benefit for glioblastoma but combination strategies hold promise to overcome resistance.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and lethal type of brain tumor in human adults. The standard of care offers minimal clinical benefit, and most GBM patients experience tumor recurrence after treatment. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the development of novel immunotherapies or other therapeutic strategies that can overcome immunotherapy resistance in many advanced cancers. However, the benefit of immune-based treatments in GBM is limited because of the unique brain immune profiles, GBM cell heterogeneity, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this review, we present a detailed overview of current immunotherapeutic strategies and discuss the challenges and potential molecular mechanisms underlying immunotherapy resistance in GBM. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth discussion regarding the strategies that can overcome immunotherapy resistance in GBM, which will likely require combination therapies.
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults and remains lethal, with a median overall survival of only 12–18 months despite aggressive standard treatments.
Bizonyítékszint: Számítógépes vagy elméleti. Modellből vagy adatbányászatból származó jel.